Healing effect of BPC-157, AOD-9604 and MOTS-c on Osteoporosis

Role of BPC-157 on Osteoporosis

BPC-157 is a synthetic peptide known for its regenerative properties and potential therapeutic effects on various medical conditions, including osteoporosis.

1. Stimulating Osteoblast Activity

Osteoblasts are specialized cells that play a crucial role in the formation of bones. They play a crucial role in maintaining bone density and strength. BPC-157 has been found to stimulate osteoblast activity, leading to the following effects:

• Increased Bone Formation: BPC-157 peptides enhance the production of osteoblasts, leading to increased bone formation. This helps rebuild bone mass and improve bone density, vital for combating osteoporosis.
• Faster Bone Healing: Fractures can be more challenging when bones are weakened due to osteoporosis. BPC-157’s ability to stimulate osteoblasts aids in the faster healing of bone fractures, reducing recovery time.

Inflammation is a common feature of osteoporosis, contributing to bone loss and pain.

BPC-157 has demonstrated anti-inflammatory properties, which can alleviate the following aspects related to osteoporosis:

• Inflammatory Cytokines: BPC-157 helps in reducing the production of inflammatory cytokines, which are molecules responsible for promoting inflammation in bone tissues.
• Pain Relief: By reducing inflammation, BPC-157 may alleviate pain associated with osteoporosis, improving the quality of life for patients.

Role of AOD-9604 on Osteoporosis

AOD-9604 is a modified form of human growth hormone (HGH) fragment 176-191, known for its potential fat-reducing effects. Additionally, AOD-9604 has gained attention for its potential benefits on bone health and osteoporosis treatment.

1. Stimulating Growth Hormone Secretion

AOD-9604 has the unique ability to stimulate the secretion of growth hormones. Growth hormones play a significant role in bone metabolism and maintenance.

The impact of AOD-9604 on growth hormone secretion leads to the following effects:

• Bone Remodeling: Growth hormones are crucial for bone remodeling, which involves continuous bone breakdown and formation. AOD-9604’s stimulation of growth hormone secretion contributes to maintaining healthy bone remodeling in individuals with osteoporosis.
• Enhanced Bone Mineral Density: Adequate levels of growth hormones are essential for bone mineral density. AOD-9604 stimulates growth hormone secretion, enhancing bone density and reducing the risk of fractures.

2. Reducing Excess Body Fat

Obesity and excess body fat can have adverse effects on bone health. AOD-9604’s primary focus is on reducing body fat, which indirectly benefits bone health through the following mechanisms:

• Reduced Inflammation: Excess body fat can lead to chronic inflammation, negatively impacting bone health. By reducing body fat, AOD-9604 helps mitigate inflammation, promoting better bone health.
• Lowering Bone Strain: Excessive body weight can strain bones, increasing the risk of fractures. AOD-9604’s fat-reducing effects help alleviate this strain, reducing the likelihood of bone injuries.

Role of MOTS-c on Osteoporosis

MOTS-c is a novel peptide derived from mitochondrial DNA, known for its potential metabolic and anti-aging benefits. While its primary effects are related to metabolism, evidence suggests that MOTS-c may also positively impact bone health and osteoporosis.

1. Enhancing Cellular Energy Production

MOTS-c is crucial in enhancing mitochondrial function, essential for cellular energy production. This enhancement has several implications for bone health:

• Optimized Bone Cell Function: Improved mitochondrial function in bone cells, such as osteoblasts and osteoclasts, ensures efficient energy production. This contributes to better bone formation and maintenance.
• Promoting Bone Regeneration: MOTS-c’s influence on cellular energy production may support bone regeneration processes, accelerating bone healing in cases of fractures related to osteoporosis.

2. Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Effects

MOTS-c has been shown to possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. These effects can have positive implications for bone health:

• Reducing Oxidative Stress: Oxidative stress can cause cellular damage, including in bone tissues. MOTS-c’s antioxidant effects help protect bone cells from oxidative damage, supporting bone health.
• Alleviating Inflammation: Chronic inflammation harms bone health and can exacerbate osteoporosis. MOTS-c’s anti-inflammatory properties help alleviate inflammation, promoting better bone health.

References:

1. Hsieh, M. J., Lee, C. H., Chueh, H. Y., Chang, G. J., Huang, H. Y., Lin, Y., & Pang, J. H. S. (2020). Modulatory effects of BPC 157 on vasomotor tone and the activation of Src-Caveolin-1-endothelial nitric oxide synthase pathway. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 17078.

• Chang, C. H., Tsai, W. C., Lin, M. S., Hsu, Y. H., & Pang, J. H. S. (2011). The promoting effect of pentadecapeptide BPC 157 on tendon healing involves tendon outgrowth, cell survival, and cell migration. Journal of applied physiology, 110(3), 774-780.

• Vukojević, J., Vrdoljak, B., Malekinušić, D., Siroglavić, M., Milavić, M., Kolenc, D., … & Sikirić, P. (2020). The effect of pentadecapeptide BPC 157 on hippocampal ischemia/reperfusion injuries in rats. Brain and Behavior, 10(8), e01726.

• Šebečić, B., Nikolić, V., Sikirić, P., Seiwerth, S., Šoša, T., Patrlj, L., … & Šlaj, M. (1999). Osteogenic effect of a gastric pentadecapeptide, BPC-157, on the healing of segmental bone defect in rabbits: a comparison with bone marrow and autologous cortical bone implantation. Bone, 24(3), 195-202.

• De Vernejoul, M. C. (1989). Bone remodelling in osteoporosis. Clinical rheumatology, 8, 13-15.

• Fawcett, E. E. (2004). The skeletal effects of a growth hormone-derived peptide (AOD9604) in the aged rat model of postmenopausal osteoporosis.

• Cossio-Bolanos, M., Vidal-Espinoza, R., Fuentes-Lopez, J., de Campos, L. F. C. C., Andruske, C. L., Urra-Albornoz, C., … & Gomez-Campos, R. (2022). Reference values for bone density and bone mineral content from 5 to 80 years old in a province of Chile. PeerJ, 10, e13092.

• Che, N., Qiu, W., Wang, J. K., Sun, X. X., Xu, L. X., Liu, R., & Gu, L. (2019). MOTS-c improves osteoporosis by promoting the synthesis of type I collagen in osteoblasts via TGF-β/SMAD signaling pathway. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci, 23(8), 3183-3189.

• Hu, B. T., & Chen, W. Z. (2018). MOTS-c improves osteoporosis by promoting osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells via TGF-β/Smad pathway. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci, 22(21), 7156-63.

• Reynolds, J. C., Lai, R. W., Woodhead, J. S., Joly, J. H., Mitchell, C. J., Cameron-Smith, D., … & Lee, C. (2021). MOTS-c is an exercise-induced mitochondrial-encoded regulator of age-dependent physical decline and muscle homeostasis. Nature communications, 12(1), 470.

• Shen, C., Wang, J., Feng, M., Peng, J., Du, X., Chu, H., & Chen, X. (2022). The mitochondrial-derived peptide MOTS-c attenuates oxidative stress injury and the inflammatory response of H9c2 cells through the Nrf2/ARE and NF-κB pathways. Cardiovascular Engineering and Technology, 13(5), 651-661.